Crashworthiness

NEW CRASH TEST RESULTS




Ferrari F430 steering wheel with airbag
Crashworthiness systems and devices prevent or reduce the severity of injuries when a crash is imminent or actually happening. Much research is carried out using anthropomorphic crash test dummies.


* Seatbelts limit the forward motion of an occupant, stretch to slow down the occupant's deceleration in a crash, and prevent occupants being ejected from the vehicle.
* Airbags inflate to cushion the impact of a vehicle occupant with various parts of the vehicle's interior.
* Laminated windshields remain in one piece when impacted, preventing penetration of unbelted occupants' heads and maintaining a minimal but adequate transparency for control of the car immediately following a collision. Tempered glass side and rear windows break into granules with minimally sharp edges, rather than splintering into jagged fragments as ordinary glass does.
* Crumple zones absorb and dissipate the energy of a collision, displacing and diverting it away from the passenger compartment and reducing the impact force on the vehicle occupants.
* Side impact protection beams.
* Collapsible steering columns reduce the risk and severity of driver impalement on the column in a frontal crash.
* Pedestrian protection systems.
* Padding of the instrument panel and other interior parts of the vehicle likely to be struck by the occupants during a crash.

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Crash avoidance

Car safety message - BBC


Crash avoidance systems and devices help the driver — and, increasingly, help the vehicle itself — to avoid a collision. This category includes:

* The vehicle's headlamps, reflectors, and other lights and signals
* The vehicle's mirrors
* The vehicle's brakes, steering, and suspension systems

Driver assistance

A subset of crash avoidance is driver assistance systems, which help the driver to detect ordinarily-hidden obstacles and to control the vehicle. Driver assistance systems include:

* Infrared night vision systems to increase seeing distance beyond headlamp range
* Adaptive highbeam assist which automatically and continuously adapts the headlamp range to the distance of vehicles ahead or which are oncoming
* Adaptive headlamps swivels headlamps around corners
* Automatic high beams which automatically adapts the headlamp range to the distance of vehicles ahead or which are oncoming
* Reverse backup sensors, which alert drivers to difficult-to-see objects in their path when reversing
* Backup camera
* Adaptive cruise control which maintains a safe distance from the vehicle in front
* Lane departure warning systems to alert the driver of an unintended departure from the intended lane of travel
* Tire pressure monitoring systems or Deflation Detection Systems
* Traction control systems which restore traction if driven wheels begin to spin
* Electronic Stability Control, which intervenes to avert an impending loss of control
* Anti-lock braking systems
* Electronic brakeforce distribution systems
* Emergency brake assist systems
* Cornering Brake Control systems
* Precrash system
* Automated parking system

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Automobile safety

Pregnant women

When pregnant, women should continue to use seatbelts and airbags properly. A University of Michigan study found that "unrestrained or improperly restrained pregnant women are 5.7 times more likely to have an adverse fetal outcome than properly restrained pregnant women". If seatbelts are not long enough, extensions are available from the car manufacturer or an aftermarket supplier.

Infants and children

Children present significant challenges in engineering and producing safe vehicles, because most children are significantly smaller and lighter than most adults. Safety devices and systems designed and optimised to protect adults — particularly calibration-sensitive devices like airbags and active seat belts — can be ineffective or hazardous to children. In recognition of this, many medical professionals and jurisdictions recommend or require that children under a particular age, height, and/or weight[which?] ride in a child seat and/or in the back seat, as applicable.

Child safety locks and driver-controlled power window lockout controls prevent children from opening doors and windows from inside the vehicle

Infants left in cars

Very young children can perish from heat or cold if left unattended in a parked car, whether deliberately or through absentmindedness.

Teenage drivers

In the UK, a full driving licence can be had at age 17, and most areas in the United States will issue a full driver's license at the age of 16, and all within a range between 14 and 18.In addition to being relatively inexperienced, teen drivers are also cognitively immature, compared to other drivers. This combination leads to a relatively high crash rate among this demographic.

In some areas, new drivers' vehicles must bear a warning sign to alert other drivers that the vehicle is being driven by an inexperienced and learning driver, giving them opportunity to be more cautious and to encourage other drivers to give novices more leeway.

Some countries, such as Australia, the United States, Canada and New Zealand, have graduated levels of driver's licence, with special rules.



Occupational driving

Work-related roadway crashes are the leading cause of death from traumatic injuries in the U.S. workplace. They accounted for nearly 12,000 deaths between 1992 and 2000. Deaths and injuries from these roadway crashes result in increased costs to employers and lost productivity in addition to their toll in human suffering. Truck drivers tend to endure higher fatality rates than workers in other occupations, but concerns about motor vehicle safety in the workplace are not limited to those surrounding the operation of large trucks. Workers outside the motor carrier industry routinely operate company-owned vehicles for deliveries, sales and repair calls, client visits, and countless other job tasks. In these instances, the employer providing the vehicle generally plays a major role in setting safety, maintenance, and training policy. As in non-occupational driving, young drivers are especially at risk. In the workplace, 45% of all fatal injuries to workers under age 18 between 1992 and 2000 in the United States resulted from transportation incidents.

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Vehicle safety features

Crash simulator: promoting safety through education
Safety can be improved by reducing the chances of a driver making an error, or by designing vehicles to reduce the severity of crashes that do occur. Most industrialized countries have comprehensive requirements and specifications for safety-related vehicle devices, systems, design, and construction. These may include:




* Passenger restraints such as seat belts — often in conjunction with laws requiring their use — and airbags
* Crash avoidance equipment such as lights and reflectors
* Driver assistance systems such as Electronic Stability Control
* Crash survivability design including fire-retardant interior materials, standards for fuel system integrity, and the use of safety glass
* Sobriety detectors: These interlocks prevent the ignition key from working if the driver breathes into one and it detects significant quantities of alcohol. They have been used by some commercial transport companies, or suggested for use with persistent drink-driving offenders on a voluntary basis


Countermeasures directed at drivers

Safety can be improved by methods that encourage safe behavior, or reduce the chances of driver error. Some of these include:

* Compulsory training and licensing, (although this is often a once-off requirement some countries require periodic retests and others will require drivers convicted of offences to undergo certain training and retests before being allowed back on the roads).
* Restrictions on driving while drunk or impaired by drugs.
* Restrictions on mobile phone use while on the move.
* Compulsory insurance to compensate victims.
* Restrictions on commercial vehicle driver hours, and fitting of tachographs.
* Conventional and automated enforcement of traffic laws, including red-light running cameras and photo-radar.

Other road users

Pedestrians and Cyclists are among the most vulnerable road users, and in some countries constitute over half of all road deaths. Interventions aimed at improving safety of non-motorised users:

* segregated facilities such as cycle lanes, underpasses and overbridges
* physical separation of segregated facilities
* pedestrian barriers to prevent pedestrians crossing at junctions
* limiting pedestrian access to highways
* bicycle helmet promotion and compulsion
* traffic awareness campaigns such as the "one false move" campaign documented by Hillman et al.
* pedestrian crossings, which are seen as restricting the number of points at which a road may be crossed and often requiring detours.
* traffic calming and speed humps
* shared space schemes giving ownership of the road space and equal priority to all road users, regardless of mode of use
* reduced urban speed limits
* rigorous speed limit enforcement by automated means such as speed cameras

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Kia Forte Koup

Production :2010-
Assembly :Hwasung, South Korea
Predecessor :Kia Spectra
Class :Compact
Body style(s) :2-door coupe
Layout :FF layout
Engine(s) :2.0L I4
2.4L I4
Transmission(s) Concept:
6-speed automatic
Production:
5-speed automatic
6-speed manual
Wheelbase :104.3 inches (2,650 mm)
Length :176.5 inches (4,480 mm) (concept)
176.4 inches (4,480 mm) (production)
Width :72.6 inches (1,840 mm) (concept)
69.5 inches (1,770 mm) (production)
Height :56.2 inches (1,430 mm) (concept)
55.1 inches (1,400 mm) (production)
Related :Kia Forte
Kia cee'd
Hyundai Elantra
Hyundai i30
Hyundai Tucson
Kia Sportage


Exterior features (concept)

* Smart Key with Pushbutton start ignition
* Prominent front and rear wheel arches for a strong, lowered stance
* Large-Diameter 19-inch wheels
* LED lamp lenses
* Dual Chrome Exhaust Tips with a rear diffuser.
* Several carbon-fiber enhanced features.

Driving functions (concept)

* 290 hp (220 kW) turbocharged 4-cylinder
* All-Wheel Drive (AWD)
* GDI ( Gasoline Direct Injection)
* 6-speed automatic with steering wheel mounted paddle shifters

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Kia Kue

The Kia Kue was originally unveiled as a concept car during the 2007 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. It may share the Hyundai Santa Fe platform used by the Hyundai Santa Fe and Veracruz. The concept vehicle seated only five passengers.

The Kia Kue is the first car to win a Design Award for a Korean company. This concept was awarded with "Eyes on Design Award" for Design Excellence at the 2007 Detroit Auto Show. The Kia Kue shows the future design direction for the Korean company.



Class :Mid-size crossover SUV

Body style(s) :5-door SUV

Engine(s) :4.6L 400 hp (300 kW) V8

Transmission(s) :5-speed automatic

Wheelbase :114.2 in (2901 mm)

Length :186 in (4724 mm)

Width :75.9 in (1928 mm)

Height :63 in (1600 mm)

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Kia Mohave

The Borrego uses body-on-frame construction, with available adjustable air-suspension, hill-descent control and a high- and low-range gearbox. The Borrego has three standard rows of seats in the US. The Borrego will be fitted with either the 3.0 L VGT diesel V6 (in 2010), second-generation Lambda II 3.8 L V6 producing 276 horsepower (206 kW) or the recently developed 4.6 L V8 Hyundai Tau engine. The Tau V8 will be tuned to give less power but more torque than in the Hyundai Genesis sedan, and creates 337 horsepower (251 kW). The V8 has a towing capacity of 7,500 lb (3,400 kg), and the V6 is able to tow 5,000 lb (2,300 kg). It has a navigation system available as an option.


Manufacturer :Kia Motors

Parent company :Hyundai Kia Automotive Group

Also called :Kia Borrego

Production :2008-

Assembly :Hwasung, South Korea

Class :Mid-size SUV

Body style(s) :4-door SUV

Layout :Front engine, rear-wheel drive/Four-wheel drive

Engine(s) :3.8 L Lambda II V6
4.6 L Tau V8

Transmission(s) :6-speed automatic
5-speed automatic

Wheelbase :114.0 in (2896 mm)

Length :192.1 in (4879 mm)

Width :75.4 in (1915 mm)

Height :71.3 in (1811 mm)

Related :Hyundai Veracruz
Kia Sorento

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Kia Carnival/Sedona

First generation (Sedona GQ)


Also called :Kia Sedona
Naza Ria (in Malaysia)
Production :1999–2005
Engine(s) :3.5 L 195 hp (145 kW) V6
Transmission(s) :5-speed automatic
4-speed automatic
5-speed manual
Wheelbase :114.6 in (2911 mm)
Length :194.1 in (4930 mm)
Width :74.6 in (1895 mm)
Height :69.3 in (1760 mm)
2002-03 LX: 68.8 in (1748 mm)


Second generation (Sedona VQ)


Also called :Kia Grand Carnival (LWB)
Kia Sedona (in United Kingdom, North America)
Production :2006–present
Assembly :Sohari, South Korea
Engine(s) :2.7 L V6
2.9 CRDi
3.8 L V6
Transmission(s) :5-speed automatic
Wheelbase :2890 mm (113.8 in) (SWB)
3020 mm (118.9 in) (LWB)
Length :4810 mm (189.4 in) (SWB)
5130 mm (202.0 in) (LWB)
Width :1985 mm (78.1 in)
Height :69.3 in (1760 mm)
2006-07 LX: 72.0 in (1829 mm)
Related :Hyundai Entourage

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Kia Sorento

Manufacturer :Kia Motors
Parent company :Hyundai Kia Automotive Group
Also called :Naza Sorento (in Malaysia)
Production :2003–present
Assembly :Hwasung, South Korea
West Point, GA, USA (2009-
Class :Compact SUV (2003-09)
Mid-size crossover SUV (2010-)
Body style(s) :4-door SUV


First generation


Production :2003-2009
Assembly :Hwasung, South Korea
Layout Front engine, rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Engine(s) :2.4 L I4
3.3 L Lambda V6 (2007-present)
3.5 L Sigma V6 (2003-06)
3.8 L Lambda V6 (2007-present)
2.5 L Diesel I4
Transmission(s) :4-speed automatic
5-speed manual
5-speed automatic
Wheelbase :106.7 in (2710 mm)
Length :180.7 in (4590 mm) (2007-present)
179.8 in (4567 mm) (2003-06)
Width :73.3 in (1862 mm)
74.2 in (1885 mm)
Height :68.1 in (1730 mm)
71.3 in (1811 mm)
Related :Hyundai Terracan

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Kia Sportage

Manufacturer :Kia Motors
Parent company :Hyundai Kia Automotive Group
Production :1995–2003
2005–present
Assembly :Gwangju, South Korea
Class :Mini SUV (1995-2002)
Compact crossover SUV (2005-present)
Engine(s) :2.0L Beta I4 (1995-2002)
2.0L Beta II I4 (2005-)
2.0L D I4 Turbodiesel (2005-)
2.7L Delta V6 (2005-)
Transmission(s) :4-speed automatic
5-speed manual


Second generation


Production :2005–present
Assembly :Gwangju, South Korea
Zilina, Slovakia
Layout :Front-engine, front-wheel drive / Four-wheel drive
Engine(s) :2.0 L Diesel, 2.0L I4, 2.7L V6
Wheelbase :103.5 in (2629 mm)
Length :171.3 in (4351 mm)
Width :2005-08: 70.9 in (1801 mm)
2007-08 4WD (Europe): 1840 mm (72.4 in)
2007-08 2WD (Europe): 1800 mm (70.9 in)
Height :66.7 in (1694 mm)
2007-08 (Europe): 1730 mm (68.1 in)
Fuel capacity 2.0L I4: 15.3 US gal (57.9 L)
2.7L V6: 17.2 US gal (65.1 L)
Related :Hyundai Elantra
Hyundai Tucson
Kia Spectra

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Kia Carens

Manufacturer :Kia Motors
Parent company :Hyundai Kia Automotive Group
Production :1999–present
Assembly :Gwangju, South Korea
Class :Compact MPV
Body style(s) :4-door wagon
Layout :FF layout

Third generation


Also called :Kia Rondo (in North America)
Kia Carens New Face (South Korea)
Kia Rondo7 (Australia)
Naza Citra 2 Rondo (Malaysia)
Production :2006–present
Engine(s) :2.0 L G4KA I4
2.0 L D4EA CRDi I4
2.4 L G4KC I4
2.7 L G6EA V6
Transmission(s) :5-speed manual
4-speed automatic
5-speed automatic
Wheelbase :2,700 mm (106.3 in)
Length :4,545 mm (178.9 in)
Width :1,820 mm (71.7 in)
Height :1,650-1,720 mm (65.0-67.7 in)
Related :Hyundai Sonata
Kia Optima
Hyundai Grandeur/Azera

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Kia Soul

Manufacturer :Kia Motors
Parent company :Hyundai Kia Automotive Group
Production :2008—
Assembly :Gwangju, South Korea
Predecessor :Kia Spectra5 (North America only)
Class :Mini MPV
Body style(s) :5-door hatchback
Layout :FF layout
Engine(s) :2.0L Beta II I4
1.6L Gamma I4
1.6L I4 Diesel
Transmission(s) :5-speed manual
4-speed automatic
Wheelbase :100.4 in (2550 mm)
Length :161.6 in (4105 mm)
Width :70.3 in (1786 mm)
Height :63.4 in (1610 mm)
Related :Hyundai i20

Kia Soul Concept

2010 Kia Soul base (US)

Kia Eco-Soul concept

Kia Soul Burner concept.

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Kia Opirus

Manufacturer :Kia Motors

Parent company :Hyundai Kia Automotive Group

Also called :Kia Amanti (North America)

Production :2003–present

Assembly :Hwasung, South Korea

Class :Full-size car / Executive car

Layout :FF layout

Engine(s) :3.5L Sigma V6 (2003-2006)
3.8L Lambda II V6 (2007-)
3.3L Lambda II V6 (2010-, Korea)
2.7L Mu V6 (2010-, Korea)

Transmission(s) :5-speed automatic
6-speed automatic

Wheelbase :2799 mm (110.2 in)

Length 2004-06: 4978 mm (196.0 in)

2007-present: 196.9 in (5001 mm)

Width :1849 mm (72.8 in)

Height :1486 mm (58.5 in)

Related :Hyundai Grandeur

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Kia Spectra

Manufacturer :Kia Motors
Parent company :Hyundai Kia Automotive Group
Production :2000—2009
Predecessor :Kia Sephia
Successor :Kia Cee'd (Europe)
Kia Forte
Kia Soul (for hatchback, North America only)
Class :Compact car
/ Small family car
Layout :FF layout


First generation


Also called :Kia Shuma (Hatchback), Kia Mentor (Sedan) ,Kia Mentor II (Sedan)
Kia Spectra Wing (Hatchback Facelift South Korea)
Production :2001—2004
2005-present
Assembly :Hwasung, South Korea
Izhevsk, Russia
Body style(s) :5-door hatchback
4-door sedan
Engine(s) :2.0L I4,

1.8L I4,
1.6L I4
Transmission(s) :4-speed automatic
5-speed manual
Wheelbase :2560 mm (100.8 in)
Length 2000-01 Hatchback: 4475 mm (176.2 in)
2002-04 Hatchback: 4525 mm (178.1 in)
2002-04 Sedan: 4510 mm (177.6 in)
Width 2000-01: 1700 mm (66.9 in)
2002-04: 1725 mm (67.9 in)
Height 2000-01: 1410 mm (55.5 in)
2002-04: 1425 mm (56.1 in)


Second generation


Also called :Kia Cerato (Korea and Europe)
Kia Spectra5
Production :2005—2009
Assembly :Hwasung, South Korea
Body style(s) :5-door hatchback
4-door sedan
Engine(s) :2.0 L 138 hp I4
2.0 L 143 hp I4
Transmission(s) :4-speed automatic
5-speed manual
Wheelbase :2610 mm (102.8 in)
Length 2005-06 Sedan: 4480 mm (176.4 in)
2007-present LX & EX Sedans: 4500 mm (177.2 in)
2007-present SX Sedan: 4510 mm (177.6 in)
2005-06 Spectra5: 4341 mm (170.9 in)
2007-present Spectra5: 4350 mm (171.3 in)
Width :1735 mm (68.3 in)
Height :1470 mm (57.9 in)
Related :Hyundai Elantra
Hyundai Tucson
Kia Sportage

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Kia Rio

Manufacturer :Kia Motors
Parent company :Hyundai Kia Automotive Group
Production :2000–present
Assembly :Sohari, South Korea
Predecessor :Kia Pride
Kia Avella
Class :Subcompact
Layout :FF layout
Transmission(s) :4-speed automatic
5-speed manual
Fuel capacity :45 litres (11.9 US gal; 9.9 imp gal)


First generation


Also called :Kia Rio Cinco (US hatchback)
Kia Rio RX-V (Canadian hatchback)
Production :2000–2005
Body style(s) :4-door sedan
5-door hatchback
Engine(s) :1.6 L 104 hp (78 kW) I4
1.3 L 75 hp (56 kW) I4 (some markets)
Wheelbase :2410 mm (94.9 in)
Length 2001–02: 4215 mm (165.9 in)
2003–05: 4240 mm (166.9 in)
Width 2001–02: 1675 mm (65.9 in)
2003–05: 1680 mm (66.1 in)
Height :1440 mm (56.7 in)

Second generation


Also called :Kia New Pride
Production :2006–present
Assembly :Sohari, South Korea
Body style(s) :4-door sedan
5-door hatchback
Engine(s) :Gasoline I4

1.4L 71.3 kW (96 hp)
1.6L Hyundai Alpha II engine 82 kW (110 hp)
Diesel I4
1.5L 81 kW (109 hp) Common Rail Turbodiesel
Wheelbase :2500 mm (98.4 in)
Length 2006-08 Hatchback:
3990 mm (157.1 in)
Sedan:
4240 mm (166.9 in)
2009-Present Hatchback: 158.1 in (4016 mm)
Width :1695 mm (66.7 in)
Height :1470 mm (57.9 in)
Related :Hyundai Accent

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Kia cee'd

Kia cee'd is a small family car which is available as a five-door hatchback, three-door hatchback ("pro_cee'd"), and five-door estate ("cee'd SW"), with a choice of up to five engines (three petrol and two diesel), four trim levels (S, GS, LS, SR) and either manual or automatic transmissions and has over 20 variants.

Kia cee'd earns Euro NCAP 5 star safety rating. It is also remarkable for being fitted with six airbags (including curtain airbags).




Manufacturer :Kia Motors

Production :2006–present

Assembly :Žilina, Slovakia

Predecessor :Spectra/Cerato

Class :Small family car

Body style(s) :5-door hatchback
5-door Station wagon
3-door hatchback

Engine(s) :1.4 L I4
1.6 L I4
2.0 L I4
1.6 L turbodiesel I4
2.0 L turbodiesel I4

Transmission(s) :5-speed manual
6-speed manual
4-speed automatic

Related :Kia Pro cee'd
Hyundai i30

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Kia Morning/Picanto

Morning/Picanto is equipped with such features as CD Player, air conditioning, front and patented rear electric windows, remote central locking, and electric mirrors.

In its EuroNCAP crash tests, the Picanto earned three out of five stars for its adult occupant safety rating and four out of five for children occupant safety.






Manufacturer :Kia Motors

Parent company :Hyundai Kia Automotive Group

Also called :Kia Morning
Kia Picanto
Kia EuroStar
Naza Suria


Production :2004–present

Assembly :Seosan, South Korea

Predecessor :Kia Visto

Class :City car

Body style(s) :5-door hatchback

Layout :FF layout

Engine(s) :1.0L Epsilon I4
1.1L Epsilon I4
1.1L U I3 Turbodiesel

Transmission(s) :4-speed automatic
5-speed manual

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KIA Motors

The Power to Surprise



Type : Subsidiary

Founded : 1944

Headquarter : Seoul, South Korea
Number of locations Main Plant Locations: Hwasung Plant, Kooni, South Korea; Sohari Plant, Nearest to Anyang, South Korea; Kwang-Ju Plant, Gwangju, South Korea; Seosan Plant, Seosan, South Korea; Slovakian Plant, Žilina, Slovakia

Area served : International

Key people : Byung Mo Ahn: Group President and CEO Kia Motors America and Kia Motors

Manufacturing: Georgia

Industry : Automobile manufacturer

Products : Automobiles; over 1,000,000 sold last year.

Parent : Hyundai Kia Automotive Group

Website : kia.com

Kia Motors is the 2nd largest automobile manufacturer in South Korea.
According to Kia Motors, the name "Kia" derives from the Sino-Korean words ki ("to come out") and a (which stands for Asia), it is roughly translated as "arise or come up out of Asia" or "rising out of Asia".

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